A recent comprehensive study examining over 2000 biomedical research paper retractions from European institutions between 2000-2021 found that retractions have been steadily increasing over the past two decades. The retraction rate per 100,000 papers nearly quadrupled from 10.7 in 2000 to 44.8 in 2020. Most concerning is that two-thirds of these retractions were directly due to misconduct, with honest errors accounting for just 15.6% of cases.
